What do the terms insulating transformer and isolating transformer refer to?

The terms "insulating transformer" and "isolating transformer" refer to the same type of device. Both terms describe transformers that provide electrical isolation between the power source and the output load, enhancing safety by preventing shock hazards and reducing the risk of electrical faults being transmitted from one side to the other.

Isolating transformers are often used in applications where sensitive equipment needs to be protected from voltage spikes or where grounding issues need to be mitigated. They work by having separate windings for input and output, with no direct electrical connection between the two, achieving a level of insulation that protects users and equipment.

In contrast, the other choices suggest differing concepts. For example, the idea of "two distinct types of transformers" implies they operate differently or serve separate functions, which is not accurate. Methods of transformer cooling and components within a transformer do not apply here, as they address different aspects of transformer functionality that are not related to the terms in question. Understanding that insulating and isolating transformers serve the same purpose is key for their application and selection in electrical systems.