Transformers operate on the principle of what?

Transformers operate on the principle of electromagnetic induction. This principle, discovered by Michael Faraday, states that a change in magnetic field within a closed loop of wire induces an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the wire.

In a transformer, alternating current (AC) flowing through the primary coil generates a time-varying magnetic field. This magnetic field is linked to the secondary coil, and as it changes, it induces a voltage across the secondary coil due to electromagnetic induction. The relationship between the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils determines whether the voltage is stepped up or stepped down.

Understanding this principle is crucial for working with transformers and electrical systems because it highlights the importance of AC in efficiently transferring electrical energy between circuit elements. Other concepts, such as magnetic resonance, conductive transfer, and capacitive coupling, do not apply to the operation of transformers in the same fundamental way as electromagnetic induction does.